Forests

Sudan covers an area of 2.5 million km2 and is characterized by three vegetation zones: desert in the north, savannah and dry grassland in the central region, and the large swamp called the Sudd with some rain forest in the south. According to the 1995 Forest Resources Assessment, forests cover 17 percent of the territory and wooded land 10 percent. Sudan, though not a heavily forested country, is heavily dependant on tree resources for its basic supplies of fuelwood and building materials (FAO, 1995b).

Maintaining the productivity of the land is crucial in such a context, and this implies the existence of land use and land cover data. The 1995 National Forest Inventory (NFI) had as its prime objective the assessment of plant cover, and was designed to inventory both land cover and land use.

While trees in the north are only found along the banks of rivers and in wadis, the number of varieties and intensity of trees increase with rainfall. Indeed the life of the Sudanese is highly dependant on the forest as it improves and protects soil, ameliorates climate, protects water sources, supports livestock and wild life and contributes to food security with such forest fruits such as nabag, goddeim, jogan, dom, gongoles, daleib and honey. Forest trees provide poles to construct rural houses and timber for furniture. Indeed Sudan is dependant on trees for about 78% of energy requirements in the form of firewood and charcoal. On the other hand gum-arabic collected from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees is an important export crop fetching annually more than 50 million dollars on average.

Sudan is rich in valuable timber trees. Examples includ Sunut (Acacia nilotica) which grows on the banks of rivers, vuba (Isoberlinia doka) which grows well in the ironstone region in the south which is suitable for railway sleepers and building material. Teak, Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) Bai and Bu provide high quality wood for furniture.

Since the early 1900s, extensive areas of woodland and forest have been converted to agricultural use. Large amounts of land classifiable as woodland have been cleared in the development of large-scale mechanized rainfed farming in Ash Sharqi and Al Awsat states, and smaller amounts in Aali an Nil and southern Kurdufan states. Although Sudan had a large quantity of natural forest, by 1991 much of it remained almost totally unexploited. In the late 1970s, FAO estimated that the country's forests and woodlands totaled about 915,000 square kilometers, or 38.5 percent of the land area. This figure was based on the broad definition of forest and woodland as any area of vegetation dominated by trees of any size. It also included an unknown amount of cleared land that was expected to have forest cover again "in the foreseeable future." An estimate in the mid-1970s by the Forestry Administration, however, established the total forest cover at about 584,360 square kilometers, or 24.6 percent of the country's land area. More than 129,000 square kilometers (about onequarter ) of this amount were located in the dry and semiarid regions of northern Sudan. These forests were considered valuable chiefly as protection for the land against desertification, but they also served as a source of fuel for pastoral peoples in those regions. The continued population pressure on the land has resulted in an accelerated destruction of forestland, particularly in the Sahel, because charcoal remained the predominant fuel. The loss of forestland in the marginal areas of the north, accelerated by mechanized farming and by drought, resulted in a steady encroachment of the Sahara southward at about ten kilometers a year in the 1980s.

The productive forest extended below the zone of desert encroachment to the southern border. It included the savanna woodlands of the central and western parts of the country, which were dominated by various species of acacia, among them Acacia senegal, the principal source of gum arabic. Gum arabic was Sudan's second largest export product, accounting for 80 percent of the world's supply. It is nontoxic, noncalorific, and nonpolluting, having no odor or taste. It is used widely in industry for products ranging from mucilage (for postage stamps) to foam stabilizers to excipient in medicines and dietetic foods. In 1986-87 Sudan produced more than 40,000 tons marketed through the Gum Arabic Company. In the late 1980s the drought severely curtailed production.

The principal area of productive forest and woodland, however, was in the more moist southern part of the country. Covering an area of more than 200,000 square kilometers and consisting mainly of broadleaf deciduous hardwoods, it remained largely undeveloped in 1990.

Timber processed by government mills in the area included mahogany for furniture and other hardwoods for railroad ties, furniture, and construction. Domestic production of timber fell far short of local needs in the 1970s, and as much as 80 percent of the domestic requirement was met by imports.

Plantations established by the government Forestry Administration in the mid-1970s totaled about 16,000 hectares of hardwoods and 500 to 600 hectares of softwoods, most were in the south. They included stands of teak and in the higher elevations of the Imatong Mountains, exotic pines. Eucalyptus stands had also been established in the irrigated agricultural areas to serve as windbreaks and to supply firewood. A gradually increasing forest reserve has been developed, and by the mid1970s it covered more than 13,000 square kilometers. Additional protection of forest and woodland areas was provided by several national parks and game reserves that encompassed 54,000 square kilometers in the mid-1970s.

Since 1983 the civil war virtually halted forestry production in southern Sudan, from which came the overwhelming amount of forestry products. According to FAO estimates, however, in 1987 Sudan produced 41,000 cubic meters of sawn timber, 1,906,000 cubic meters of other industrial roundwood, and more than 18 million cubic meters of firewood. Each of these categories showed a substantial increase from production levels in the 1970s. The insatiable demand was for charcoal, the principal cooking fuel, and the one major forest product not dependent upon the south. Because wood of any kind could be turned to charcoal, the acacia groves of the Sahel have been used extensively for this purpose, with a resulting rapid advance of deforestation. To improve government forestry conservation and management policy, as well as the issue of land use, in 1990-91 plans were underway to establish a forestry resource conservation project, funded and cofinanced by several international development agencies and donors.

The extensiveness of forests calls for investment in forest products such as paper, plywood and furniture industry.

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